Time to dive into the taboo world of camper van toilets! In this article we're going to explore lots of campervan toilet ideas, from a poop trowel to chemical cassette toilets, to a fully-compostable campervan toilet! We will look at the best brands, including the Thetford cassette toilet and Dometic Cassette toilet. We will also look at how to install a campervan toilet cubicle.
I’m Shane, a van conversion professional dedicated to helping people transform ordinary vans into homes on wheels. I've authored Roaming Home, and teach The Van Conversion Course, guiding many people through their van builds. I also write The Van Conversion Newsletter, where I share practical tips and insights. After completing two van builds and living on the road full-time since 2020, I’m excited to share my expertise with you.
Now let's jump in and learn about camper van toilets!
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Index
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To cut to the chase
We are going deep on campervan toilets in this guide - you will learn everything you could ever need to know. But in case you just want to cut to the chase...
The best budget toilet
If you want a simple, quick, easy, and affordable toilet for your campervan, you can do know better than the Dometic 976.
The Dometic 976 is a compact and lightweight portable chemical toilet designed for convenience in campervans, RVs, and boats. With a 9.8L waste tank and a 8.7L fresh water tank, it offers an effective flushing system with a pressurized button, ensuring minimal water usage per flush—ideal for conserving water during off-grid adventures. The 976 also features a tank level indicator, making it easy to know when it’s time to empty the waste. Its small size and easy-to-carry design make it a favorite for those looking for a reliable yet space-saving toilet solution.
Our recommended high-end (and smell-free) toilet
If cash is less of an issue and you don't want to deal with those pesky chemical cassette toilet odors, I highly recommend the OGO origin composting toilet.
The OGO Origin is a compact and eco-friendly composting toilet, perfect for off-grid vanlifers or tiny homes. With its sleek design and space-saving footprint, the OGO Origin separates liquids and solids to manage waste efficiently without water. Its self-contained system features an automatic agitator for composting solids, reducing the need for manual mixing. The OGO is designed to be virtually odor-free with a built-in fan and ventilation system. This waterless solution is ideal for users looking to minimize environmental impact while maintaining a clean and low-maintenance sanitation option.
To toilet, or not to toilet?
In the 2023 Roaming Home study, we found that 80% of campervans have a toilet of some kind installed. The chemical toilet was far more common than its compostable counterpart. With that being said, compostable toilets are certainly becoming more popular these days.
Space in a campervan is a highly valuable commodity. Some things (like showers, toilets, or ovens) can feel a bit 'extra'. And in certain circumstances they can be. But most people are going to need some sort a solution when they desperately need a number two!
So, who doesn't need a campervan toilet?
If you spend very little time in your van
If you are extremely regular, with a stomach of steel
If you only ever stay at campsites
If you have a teeny tiny van and don't have a choice
In my experience, a campervan toilet has been essential. I spend a lot of time off-grid and have used my chemical cassette toilet countless times.
Let's look at the pros and cons of a campervan toilet installation.
Pros of a campervan toilet
Convenience: No need to faff about when you are urgently looking to do the business. If you have IBS this should not be underestimated
Comfort: A lot more comfortable than a nature squat
Privacy: No need to worry about who might be around
Cons of a campervan toilet
Space: A campervan toilet takes up space - that can't be avoided
Smell: Some types of campervan toilet can let off a chemically smell
Emptying: There is a little bit of effort required in emptying the toilet - though usually minimal
Heartwarming tale: My chemical cassette toilet once overflowed and spilled into the surrounding storage. My van smelled of s**t for weeks afterwards … vanlife.
What are the different types of campervan toilet?
Broadly speaking, there are 7 types of toilets you can install in your van:
Portable bucket toilet
Chemical cassette toilet
Composting toilet
Dry flush toilet
Incineration toilet
Vacuum flush toilet
Black tank toilet
We will also explore 'non-toilet' options in this guide.
Toilet Type | Cost (approx.) | Waste Capacity (L) | Water Per Flush | Maintenance | Power Source |
Portable Bucket Toilet | £10-50 | 5-10 | None | Low | None |
Chemical Cassette Toilet | £75-300 | 15-20 | 0.5-1L | Medium (chemicals needed) | None |
Composting Toilet | £500-1,000 | 30-60 uses (solid) | None | Low | Requires ventilation |
Dry Flush Toilet | £550-800 | 15-17 flushes | None | High (cartridges needed) | Battery-powered |
Incinerating Toilet | £1,500-3,000 | N/A (incinerated) | None | Low | Propane or electric |
Vacuum Flush Toilet | £1,000-2,000 | 20-30 | 1.9-3.8L | Medium | Requires vacuum pump |
Black Tank Toilet | £200-1,000 | Varies by tank size | 3-6L | High (requires regular dumping at facilities) | None |
Campervan toilet ideas
In this guide, we will explore lots of campervan toilet ideas, from the very basic 'pee bottle', to smell-free compostable toilets. So let's check out those campervan toilet ideas now!
The trusty pee bottle
Ahhh, old faithful. Sometimes a pee bottle can be a life-saver if it's pouring rain in the middle of the night and you really need to go. A Nalgene is a particularly good pee bottle due to the wide top on it.
The SheWee
From what I hear, peeing outdoors can be a little more challenging for girls! Welcome to the stage: SheWee - the ultimate urinating device for individuals of the female persuasion. Go check it out! Pretty nifty device.
The Poop Trowel & Biodegradable Toilet Roll
Did you know that human waste is one of the most harmful excrements of any animal? It is high in pathogenic organisms and heavy metals.
If you are going to go outdoors - you absolutely need to bury it (and the toilet paper)
Unless you are packing out your toilet paper with you, you should also purchase some biodegradable toilet roll. Here's a pack of 24 bamboo toilet rolls!
The Bin Bag
You're in a busy car park, you haven't built a toilet, and beads of sweat are dripping down your forehead as you clench your butt cheeks...
Thank god you have those bin bags!
Sometimes a person's gotta poop in a bag. Just make sure you use the biodegradable ones! (double them up). I have used this technique many times when the chemical cassette toilet isn't setup.
Portable Bucket toilet
On the cheaper and simpler end of campervan toilets is the portable bucket toilet. No frills here - just a bucket with a bin liner that you sit on.
You can get a fold-up version or a normal version.
Truthfully, these types of toilets are actually pretty good! The folding campervan toilet takes up no space and does the job just when you need it.
Cost: £10 - £50
Waste Capacity: Varies depending on bucket size, typically 5-10 liters.
Dimensions: 30-40cm tall, 25-30cm diameter.
Pros | Cons |
Inexpensive | Lacks advanced features such as flushing or ventilation |
Portable, easy to move | Can emit odors without proper sealing |
Minimal maintenance | Not very hygienic; requires regular disposal |
No water or electricity required | Needs frequent cleaning |
Perfect for emergencies | Not practical for long-term use |
Systems like bucket toilets or bag-based toilets (like WAG bags) are convenient for short trips or emergencies. Waste bags contain chemical agents that help solidify waste:
Disposal: Waste bags should be double-bagged and disposed of in municipal waste bins. Look for biodegradable bag options for a more environmentally-friendly solution.
Chemical Cassette Toilet
With chemical cassette toilets, we enter the realm of 'real' campervan toilets. This is the luxurious stuff!
The chemical cassette toilet was created by Thetford many eons ago. It consists of three parts: the toilet seat, fresh water storage (flushing), and the cassette. The cassette is a removable waste-holding tank that can be emptied in the appropriate location.
Chemical toilet fluid
A chemical cassette toilet contains chemical toilet fluid and water which helps break down your waste.
Chemical toilet fluid can come in fluid or power form.
How much chemical toilet fluid should I use?
Thetford recommend using 150 ml of chemical toilet fluid per 20L waste-holding tank capacity. At a minimum you should add 2-3L of water to your chemical cassette toilet to ensure optimal breakdown of excrement.
Dometic make a chemical toilet fluid which I have used personally - it definitely did the job!
EcoGel also make an environmentally friendly chemical toilet fluid that gets raving reviews.
Smell management
Thetford Aqua Kem: A powerful chemical additive for chemical cassette toilets that effectively breaks down waste and controls odor.
When and Where to empty a chemical cassette toilet
Empty your chemical cassette toilet when you meet either of these criteria:
The chemical cassette toilet is full
It has been a week since you first did the business
To empty the campervan toilet cubicle, simply detach the cassette from the toilet. Most cassettes have a flue/spout that you rotate in order to pour and empty the cassette.
You can empty a chemical toilet cassette at a campsite or a campervan dumping station. If you cannot find either of these, you can dump the waste down a regular toilet - be ultra careful of the splashback though!
Here is a detailed article on when it is okay to empty a chemical cassette toilet into a septic tank.
Note: When your chemical cassette toilet is not in use, you should clean it out thoroughly with disinfectant and let it dry out.
The chemical cassette toilet is the most popular campervan toilet.
Cost: £75 - £300
Waste Capacity: ~15-20 liters
Water Capacity: 10-15 liters (for flushing)
Pros | Cons |
Easy to empty cassette system | Requires use of chemical agents |
Flushes like a traditional toilet | Chemicals must be purchased regularly |
Compact, fits in small spaces | Waste tank needs emptying frequently |
Can be vented to reduce odor | Can become heavy when full |
Well-known brands like Thetford and Dometic | Disposal sites are necessary for waste management |
Seal and Gasket Maintenance
Seals and gaskets are vital for ensuring airtight operation and preventing leaks in both chemical and composting toilets. Over time, these components may degrade, leading to reduced efficiency and odor issues.
Lubricate Seals: For cassette toilets, use a silicone-based lubricant on seals and O-rings every few months to keep them soft and prevent cracking. This helps maintain a tight seal, reducing the chances of leaks or chemical smells escaping. Thetford recommends using their own brand of seal lubricant for optimal performance.
Replace Worn Gaskets: Inspect the rubber seals and gaskets on your toilet every few months. If you notice any cracks or loss of elasticity, replace them promptly to avoid leaks. For composting toilets, check the vent system and ensure the seals are in good condition to prevent moisture buildup or unpleasant odors.
The Original Thetford Porta Potti
Hoover mass marketed the vacuum cleaner, Kleenex the tissues, and Tupperware the plastic box.
Well, Thetford were the creators of the Porta Potti - surely the most important invention of the last half millenia.
The Thetford porta potti is a trusty throne that can fit in the tiniest of places. It has full flushing capabilities and a cassette for the chemical toilet fluid.
It is a portable chemical cassette toilet with a 2. 6-gallon Waste Water Holding Tank with rotating Pour-Out Spout and 2. 6-gallon fresh water holding tank.
Dometic Cassette toilet
The second biggest name in the exciting world of chemical cassette toilets is Dometic. There are a variety of Dometic cassette toilets.
Dometic 976 portable toilet
The equivalent of the Thetford Porta Potti is the Dometic 976 Portable Toilet.
In my opinion the 976 Dometic cassette toilet is better than the Porta Potti. It is a bit more comfortable and has a level gauge on the side so you can tell when it needs to be emptied.
The Dometic 976 is a compact and lightweight portable chemical toilet designed for convenience in campervans, RVs, and boats. With a 9.8L waste tank and a 8.7L fresh water tank, it offers an effective flushing system with a pressurized button, ensuring minimal water usage per flush—ideal for conserving water during off-grid adventures. The 976 also features a tank level indicator, making it easy to know when it’s time to empty the waste. Its small size and easy-to-carry design make it a favorite for those looking for a reliable yet space-saving toilet solution.
Thetford C200 Cassette toilet
The Thetford C200 cassette toilet is the best known of the permanent chemical cassette toilets. The newest model is the Thetford C223.
A cassette inlet is installed in the side of the campervan. This makes the removal of the cassette from the campervan toilet cubicle extremely easy and hygienic - you can empty the cassette from the side of the van!
The Thetford C200 cassette toilet is about as comfortable as it gets. The top of the toilet swivels to fit the campervan toilet cubicle you have built. This is especially helpful if are building a campervan toilet and shower unit.
How to install the Thetford C200 Cassette toilet
Thetford have a fantastic guide on how to install the Thetford C200 cassette toilet here. Here is an illustrated guide on how to install the chemical cassette toilet:
Dometic CTS 4110
In fact, Dometic cassette toilets take it to a whole new level. If you're willing to spend ~€800 or so you can buy the Nirvana of toilets.
The Dometic CTS 4110 is a serious piece of kit. It has a beautiful design, made of lightweight ceramic and allegedly has a comfort rating of 11/10. It has a ring vacuum flush and an electronic level gauge so you know when to empty the waste.
It has a heated seat, built-in bidet, and even sings you a lullaby while you’re taking a jobbie. Okay... not really. But I hear it is a great toilet!
SOG Toilets: Ventilation and Odor Management for Cassette Toilets
SOG toilets are essentially an enhanced version of traditional chemical cassette toilets. The SOG system is a ventilation system specifically designed to eliminate odors directly from the waste cassette, which solves one of the biggest drawbacks of chemical toilets—unpleasant smells. This system works by creating an active airflow that channels the foul air from the toilet’s waste cassette through a carbon filter, which neutralizes the odors before they are vented outside.
How Does a SOG Toilet Work?
The SOG system is equipped with a small fan that automatically switches on when you open the cassette’s valve (when using the toilet). This fan creates negative pressure inside the cassette, effectively sucking air out and passing it through a carbon filter before venting it outside the campervan. This system not only reduces odors but also prevents the need for chemical additives by improving aeration in the waste compartment.
Key Features of the SOG System:
Odor-Free: The fan ensures all unpleasant smells are removed through the filter.
Chemical-Free: The system reduces or eliminates the need for traditional toilet chemicals, as the constant air circulation promotes better waste breakdown.
Hygienic: The waste cassette is better ventilated, which keeps the waste compartment fresher for longer.
Eco-Friendly: By reducing the need for chemicals, the SOG system is a more environmentally friendly solution.
Installation Considerations
Installing a SOG system is relatively straightforward. It involves attaching a small fan unit to the cassette’s ventilation port and adding an external exhaust vent for the filtered air. Some SOG systems also require a small hole to be cut into the side of your van for proper external ventilation, so it’s crucial to install the system carefully and follow the manufacturer's guidelines.
SOG systems are compatible with many popular chemical cassette toilets, particularly models from Thetford and Dometic. You can buy the SOG kit as a retrofit to add to existing toilet setups.
Cost: £300 - £500
Waste Capacity: ~20 liters
Water Capacity: 10-15 liters
Pros | Cons |
Ventilation reduces odors significantly | Requires electricity for ventilation fan |
Flushes like a traditional toilet | Slightly more expensive than a regular cassette toilet |
Removable cassette for easy emptying | Chemical usage is still required |
Easy installation in van conversions | Disposal at designated points only |
Recommended SOG System
One of the most reliable and well-reviewed SOG systems available is the SOG Type F Ventilation Kit, which is compatible with Thetford C250 and C260 cassette toilets. This system is designed to work seamlessly with these popular cassette toilets, offering excellent odor control and reduced chemical usage. It includes all the necessary components for installation, including the fan, carbon filter, and external exhaust vent.
Key Features of the SOG Type F Ventilation Kit:
Compatible with Thetford C250/C260 cassette toilets
Built-in fan with automatic activation when the toilet is used
Carbon filter that lasts up to one season before replacement
Easy installation with step-by-step instructions
Overall, the SOG Type F is an excellent choice for those looking to upgrade their cassette toilet setup with a reliable odor management system that also reduces chemical use.
Compostable campervan toilet
Compostable campervan toilets are becoming seriously popular in the off-grid world. And for good reason... They're amazing!
I have a friend who lives on a barge and I got the privilege of using his very fancy compostable toilet. It felt like the future.
A compostable campervan toilet is for people who go off-grid frequently and for long periods of time. It has Separate compartments for the liquids and solids
The liquid container needs to be emptied every few days. The solids container, on the other hand, can go 60-80 uses before needing to be emptied. This separation of affairs means that a campervan compostable toilet is virtually smell free!
Cost: £500 - £1,000
Waste Capacity: 30-60 solid uses before emptying
Liquid Capacity: 7-10 liters
Pros | Cons |
Environmentally friendly | Requires frequent emptying of urine tank |
No chemicals required | Higher initial cost |
Odor-free when properly maintained | Requires ventilation and electricity for fan |
Long intervals between solid waste emptying | Requires peat moss or coconut coir for composting |
Low water usage | Larger footprint than cassette or portable toilets |
Composting toilets need to be turned regularly to help the waste break down properly. Most composting toilets also come with a vent system to help control odors, and it is important to clean and maintain these vents regularly.
You must add either peat moss or coconut coir to the solids container, which turns it into a dry dirt.
What do I do with the waste from a composting toilet?
Add it to an existing compost pile
Spread it around fruit trees
Spread it over lawns
Spread it around non-edible gardens
HOWEVER: Do not use it on: edible plants, herbs, vegetables, or seeds.
OGO Origin - top pick
If cash is less of an issue and you don't want to deal with those pesky chemical cassette toilet odors, I highly recommend the OGO origin composting toilet.
The OGO Origin is a compact and eco-friendly composting toilet, perfect for off-grid vanlifers or tiny homes. With its sleek design and space-saving footprint, the OGO Origin separates liquids and solids to manage waste efficiently without water. Its self-contained system features an automatic agitator for composting solids, reducing the need for manual mixing. The OGO is designed to be virtually odor-free with a built-in fan and ventilation system. This waterless solution is ideal for users looking to minimize environmental impact while maintaining a clean and low-maintenance sanitation option.
Natures Head Composting Toilet
The Natures head composting toilet is consistently rated as one of the best composting toilets on the market.
The toilet is urine diverting and has a waterless operation. Also called a dry toilet, the Natures Head composting toilet is lightweight, odorless and compact.
This composting campervan toilet comes with a handle on the side for churning solid waste, converting it into manure. Additionally, it includes an air circulation fan that recycles the surrounding air to manage odors.
ToMTuR, the leading retailer of composting toilets in Europe did a great chart showing which composting toilet to get depending on which van you have. Here is the chart:
Dry Flush Toilets
A dry flush toilet is an innovative and odor-free option for campervans that doesn't require water, plumbing, or chemicals. It’s a great choice for those looking for simplicity and ease of use without the need for a waste-holding tank or messy disposal processes.
How Does a Dry Flush Toilet Work?
Unlike traditional composting or cassette toilets, dry flush toilets use a bagging system. The waste is sealed in odor-proof, disposable bags after each use, which are then stored in a cartridge. Each cartridge can handle up to 15 to 17 flushes before needing to be replaced. The operation is simple—after use, the system wraps the waste in a heavy-duty liner and locks it in an airtight chamber, making it easy to dispose of without the need for direct contact with waste.
Cost: £550 - £800
Waste Capacity: 15-17 flushes per cartridge
Power Requirement: Battery-powered, ~300 flushes per charge
Pros | Cons |
No water or chemicals required | Expensive replacement cartridges (~£40 each) |
Odor-free due to bagging system | Smaller waste capacity compared to cassette toilets |
Clean, hygienic, and modern design | Requires a consistent supply of cartridges |
Easy to install and maintain | Higher upfront cost compared to chemical toilets |
Laveo Dry Flush
The Laveo Dry Flush toilet is a portable, electric toilet designed specifically for campers, RVs, and off-grid living. It uses the dry flush system to seal waste in a double-lined bag after every flush, ensuring a clean and odor-free experience. Here are some details about this particular product:
Power Source: The Laveo operates on 12V DC power or a standard rechargeable battery, making it compatible with campervan electrical systems. It can also run on AC power with an adapter.
Capacity: Each Laveo refill cartridge offers up to 15-17 flushes before needing to be replaced. A single cartridge weighs just over 1 pound, making it easy to carry spares.
Odor Management: The unique bagging system effectively seals waste, preventing odors from escaping and requiring no additional chemicals or ventilation systems.
Maintenance and Disposal: To dispose of the waste, you simply remove the cartridge and discard the sealed bag. The process is easy and hygienic, with no need to handle raw waste directly.
Pros of the Laveo Dry Flush Toilet
Odorless: No smells, thanks to the airtight sealing mechanism.
No plumbing: No need for water, tanks, or plumbing systems.
Portable: Lightweight and compact, ideal for small spaces like campervans.
Easy to maintain: Changing the bag is quick and mess-free.
Versatile power options: Operates on 12V DC, rechargeable battery, or AC with an adapter.
Cons of the Laveo Dry Flush Toilet
Cost: Initial purchase and replacement cartridges can be more expensive than basic portable toilets.
Cartridge limit: Each cartridge only lasts for up to 17 flushes, which means frequent replacements for full-time van lifers.
Battery dependency: Requires a power source, though the battery can handle up to 300 flushes per charge.
Technical Data on Laveo Dry Flush Toilet
Feature | Specification |
Weight | 26 lbs (11.8 kg) |
Dimensions | 16.5" x 16.5" x 18.5" (42 cm x 42 cm x 47 cm) |
Flush Capacity | 15-17 flushes per cartridge |
Power | 12V DC / Battery / AC Adapter (optional) |
Battery Life | Approx. 300 flushes per charge |
Cartridge Weight | ~1.5 lbs per cartridge |
Odor Control | Airtight, no chemical additives required |
Incinerating Toilets
You read that right. Incinerating toilets are an advanced solution for managing human waste in off-grid environments, offering an entirely waste-free system. Rather than relying on water, chemicals, or decomposition like other systems, incinerating toilets burn waste to ash, leaving no solid matter and only a small amount of sterile residue. These toilets are ideal for users seeking a low-maintenance and sanitary waste disposal system that doesn’t require frequent emptying. One of the most highly regarded incinerating toilets is the Cinderella.
How Incinerating Toilets Work
Incinerating toilets function by using electric or gas-powered heating elements to burn waste at high temperatures. After each use, waste is incinerated at temperatures over 600°C, leaving only a small amount of ash (around 200 grams per 70 uses). The incineration process is powered by electricity or propane, depending on the model.This ash can then be easily disposed of in regular household trash or used in non-edible gardens.
Most incinerating toilets, including the Cinderella, use a simple control panel or button to start the incineration process. They require no water or plumbing and are fully self-contained, making them ideal for remote locations or where water conservation is a priority.
Cost: £1,500 - £3,000
Waste Capacity: Incinerates after each use
Power Requirement: Requires propane or electricity
Pros | Cons |
No chemicals or composting required | Extremely high cost |
Odor-free due to incineration | Requires fuel or electricity |
Minimal waste disposal (just ash) | Not energy-efficient for frequent use |
No water consumption | Can produce a smell when incinerating |
Key Features of Incinerating Toilets:
Waste-Free Disposal: No solid or liquid waste to deal with—just a small amount of ash.
Odorless Operation: Incineration eliminates odors, making the toilet highly sanitary.
Low Maintenance: No need to empty waste cassettes frequently or handle chemicals.
Off-Grid Capability: Perfect for remote living, where water and sewage infrastructure may be limited.
The Cinderella Incinerating Toilet
The Cinderella Comfort is one of the most advanced and popular incinerating toilets available today, especially designed for off-grid or mobile use in environments like campervans, tiny homes, and remote cabins. Manufactured in Norway, Cinderella toilets are known for their efficiency, durability, and ease of use.
Key Features of the Cinderella Incinerating Toilet:
Electric or Gas-Powered Options: The Cinderella Comfort runs on electricity, while the Cinderella Gas model is ideal for situations where electrical power is scarce, using propane to incinerate waste.
High Incineration Efficiency: Waste is incinerated at temperatures exceeding 600°C, ensuring complete combustion.
Low Waste Output: After multiple uses, all that remains is a small pile of sterile ash, which can be easily removed and disposed of.
Odor-Free Design: The incineration process eliminates waste odors entirely.
Water-Free: The system requires no water, conserving resources and making it a good option for drought-prone or off-grid locations.
User-Friendly: The incineration process is automatic, initiated by pressing a button, and there is an indicator to show when it’s time to empty the ash.
Hygienic and Safe: The waste chamber is fully enclosed, and the high temperatures ensure complete sterilization of waste.
Technical Specifications:
Feature | Cinderella Comfort |
Power Source | Electricity (230V) |
Fuel Consumption | 1.5 to 2.0 kWh per incineration cycle |
Incineration Temperature | 600°C |
Capacity | Approximately 70 uses per ash removal cycle |
Waste Output | 200 grams of ash per 70 uses |
Ventilation Requirement | Requires external venting for exhaust |
Dimensions | 600 x 390 x 590 mm |
Weight | 34 kg |
Vacuum Flush Toilets
Vacuum flush toilets are an innovative, water-efficient option for campervan setups, especially suited to those who need to conserve water while maintaining cleanliness and reducing odors. Unlike traditional gravity-flush or chemical cassette systems, vacuum flush toilets utilize a vacuum pump to move waste efficiently into a holding tank with minimal water usage. This technology is especially common in marine and aviation applications but has now gained traction among vanlifers looking for more advanced waste management solutions.
How Do Vacuum Flush Toilets Work?
A vacuum flush toilet uses a vacuum pump to create strong suction, which moves waste through narrow pipes to a sealed holding tank. When the toilet is flushed, a small amount of water (usually between 0.2 and 0.5 liters per flush) combines with air suction to transport waste into the holding tank quickly and cleanly. Unlike cassette or composting toilets, the waste is fully contained and sealed, greatly reducing the risk of odors permeating the van.
These systems are particularly efficient in small spaces because they require narrow pipes and compact vacuum components. Despite the low water use, the vacuum action ensures that the toilet bowl remains clean after each use.
Key Features
Minimal Water Consumption: Vacuum flush toilets typically use 75-90% less water per flush than standard cassette toilets, averaging around 0.2 to 0.5 liters per flush. This makes them ideal for off-grid living, where water conservation is crucial.
Sealed Holding Tank: Waste is deposited into a tightly sealed holding tank, effectively minimizing odors. The holding tank can later be emptied at designated dump stations.
Efficient Design: The system requires only narrow pipes for waste transport, making it more space-efficient than conventional setups.
Durability: Vacuum flush toilets are robust, designed to withstand frequent use in mobile environments like campervans, boats, or airplanes.
Advantages of Vacuum Flush Toilets
Water Efficiency: Their low water consumption makes them perfect for long, off-grid trips where freshwater is limited.
Odor Control: With the waste contained in a sealed holding tank, odors are kept to a minimum, making them one of the most hygienic options for campervans.
Space Optimization: Vacuum flush systems are ideal for smaller vans or tight layouts, thanks to their compact components and narrow piping.
Challenges to Consider
Complex Installation: A vacuum pump and sealed holding tank are required, making installation more complicated than a standard chemical cassette or composting toilet.
Energy Consumption: The vacuum pump requires power to operate, which may be a concern for those looking to minimize electrical consumption in off-grid situations.
Higher Cost: Vacuum flush toilets are typically more expensive than chemical or composting toilets, both in initial setup and long-term maintenance.
Popular Vacuum Flush Toilets for Campervans
One of the most well-known vacuum flush systems is the Dometic VacuFlush. This system is renowned for its durability, efficiency, and advanced design, making it a top choice for campervan owners who prioritize water conservation and a high-tech waste management system.
Black Tank Toilet (Traditional RV Toilet)
The Black Tank Toilet, commonly found in traditional RV setups, is a full-sized flush toilet system, similar to what you would find in a standard home. These toilets connect directly to a black water tank, which collects all the waste and needs to be emptied at designated dumping stations. The flushing mechanism operates either via foot pedal or hand lever, using water from the RV’s fresh water tank. You can learn how to install water tanks in our campervan water systems guide.
How Does It Work?
A black tank toilet works by flushing waste into a large holding tank (black water tank), where waste is stored until it’s emptied. The system includes:
Toilet bowl: Standard-sized, with flush functionality.
Black tank: A separate waste tank typically located under the vehicle.
Water pump: Pulls water from the fresh water tank to facilitate flushing.
The size of the black water tank varies depending on the RV but is typically in the range of 20-50 gallons, which allows for several days of use before needing to be emptied.
Pros of a Black Tank Toilet:
Comfort: A true toilet experience, mimicking a home bathroom, which can be important for long trips.
Convenience: The flush mechanism makes it easy to use, with a large waste-holding capacity.
Cons of a Black Tank Toilet:
Maintenance: Regular emptying of the black tank is required, usually every 3-7 days depending on usage. Proper care and cleaning of the tank are essential to avoid unpleasant odors.
Space: The toilet and black tank take up considerable space in a van or RV build, limiting available room for other components.
Water usage: These toilets use a significant amount of water with each flush, which could be a drawback if you're traveling in areas with limited water supply.
Technical Data and Considerations:
Water consumption per flush: Between 0.8 to 1.6 gallons per flush (similar to low-flow residential toilets).
Tank capacity: Black tanks generally hold 20 to 50 gallons of waste, depending on the RV size.
Materials: Black tank toilets are usually made of plastic or ceramic. Ceramic models are more durable but heavier.
Maintenance Tips:
Regular dumping: Always empty your black tank at designated dumping stations. Dumping frequency will depend on the size of your tank and the number of users.
Tank treatments: Use enzyme-based or chemical treatments to break down waste and control odors.
Flushing the tank: It's essential to flush out the black water tank regularly to avoid waste buildup and clogging.
Campervan Toilet Cubicles
You have a lot of freedom with the location of a portable chemical cassette toilet, whereas a fixed toilet will need to be in a permanent location.
Toilet Installation Planning: Space and Ventilation Requirements
Installing a toilet in a campervan requires careful planning, especially regarding space management and ventilation to ensure comfort, functionality, and safety. Below, we cover the key factors you should consider when installing a toilet in your campervan.
1. Space Requirements
A comfortable and accessible toilet area should consider:
Minimum Dimensions: Ideally, a toilet cubicle should be at least 60 cm x 60 cm (2' x 2') for sufficient elbow room. For added comfort, consider slightly larger spaces, especially if integrating a sink or storage.
Height Considerations: Make sure there’s at least 1.3 meters of height for a cubicle (average sitting down height is 1m)
Fold-Away Options: Space-saving designs, such as a toilet that slides or folds away (e.g., into a cabinet), can maximize your campervan’s usable space. These are perfect for those not wanting a fixed cubicle.
2. Ventilation Requirements
Proper ventilation is crucial for preventing unpleasant odors and ensuring a hygienic environment inside the campervan.
The type of toilet you install will determine the ventilation needs:
Compostable Toilets: These typically require a dedicated ventilation system, which often includes a small fan and vent pipe leading outside. The airflow helps manage odors and aids the composting process. Composting toilets should vent through the side or roof of the van. For composting toilets, an airflow rate of 2-3 cubic meters per hour (measured in m³/h) is generally recommended to control odor and moisture levels effectively.
Chemical Cassette Toilets: While these don’t necessarily need a vent, adding natural or powered ventilation in the cubicle will minimize odors, especially after emptying the cassette. Ventilation fans or roof vents are effective at extracting air from the toilet area.
Vent Grilles: Installing vent grilles at the top or bottom of cubicle walls (if you are installing a cubicle) allows passive airflow through the space, helping to ventilate odors without the constant need for an exhaust fan.
3. Placement Considerations
Distance from Living Areas: To prevent odors from leaking into your main living space, it’s ideal to place the toilet cubicle as far as possible from seating or sleeping areas.
External Access: If you’re installing a cassette toilet, plan the location where the cassette can be accessed and removed from the outside of the van. This will ensure convenient emptying without disturbing the interior.
It is common to have a pull-out drawer for a portable toilet, like the image shown below. It makes an enclosed campervan toilet cubicle.
Campervan toilet and shower
The campervan toilet and shower are frequently installed together as one unit. A company called EvoDesign make these self-contained units for ~€700.
Alternatively, you can learn how to build your own campervan toilet and shower unit in this guide. It's a lot cheaper than buying a kit online.
Legal Waste Disposal Rules by Region
United States:
Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and National Parks typically require human waste to be disposed of in sanitation stations. Some remote areas have rules allowing you to bury waste, but it must be 200 feet away from water sources and buried 6-8 inches deep.
Composting toilets: Humanure from composting toilets cannot be disposed of in most public areas unless fully composted over a long period and must not be used for edible plants.
United Kingdom:
Dumping chemical toilet waste in public toilets is prohibited; it must be taken to dedicated Elsan points (disposal units found in campsites or caravan parks).
Compost toilet waste must be disposed of in an approved facility, and spreading composted waste (after complete breakdown) on private land may be permitted, but check local regulations.
Europe (EU):
Similar to the UK, most countries mandate that chemical waste be disposed of at sanitation stations.
Some countries allow the use of biodegradable chemicals in cassette toilets, which makes the waste more eco-friendly and easier to dispose of in approved locations.
Penalties for Illegal Dumping
Improper waste disposal can result in fines and penalties, which vary by region. For example:
In the UK, fines for illegal dumping of toilet waste can range from £50 to £400 under the Environmental Protection Act.
In the U.S., fines can vary based on the state or federal land, but penalties may include up to $5,000 and bans from certain parks or lands.
Environmental Considerations
Beyond the legal requirements, improper disposal can significantly harm ecosystems. Waste, particularly from chemical toilets, can pollute water sources, spread pathogens, and damage local wildlife. Composting toilet systems are generally much more environmentally friendly when maintained properly, but again, they must be used according to local regulations regarding where and how waste can be disposed of.
Conclusion
And that's all there is to camper van toilets! I hope you found this guide helpful.
Don't forget to subscribe to The Van Conversion Newsletter for everything you need to get started with your own van conversion (I'll send you a free wiring diagram when you join).
If you're looking for some guidance with your van conversion, you might be interested in our book Roaming Home, or in our online course The Van Conversion Mastery Course. You'll learn directly from me how to convert a van into your dream home - no prior experience needed!
Until next time,
Shane ✌️
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